The First Amendment to the Constitution of the USA - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 10 Words: 3070 Downloads: 1 Date added: 2019/04/22 Category Law Essay Level High school Tags: First Amendment Essay Did you like this example? The first amendment to the Constitution of the United States reads as follows, Congress shall make no law respecting an establishment of religion, or prohibiting the free exercise thereof; or abridging the freedom of speech, or of the press; or the right of the people peaceably to assemble, and to petition the Government for a redress of grievances. (U.S. Constitution) Why does freedom of speech matter? Freedom of speech is what protects people from expressing what matters to them. Most religions consist of somehow creating more followers of that specific religion. Christianity, for example, would be classified as a religion with on of its principles being the sharing of the gospel. For, Everyone who calls on the name of the Lord will be saved. How, then, can they call on the one they have not believed in? And how can they believe in the one of whom they have not heard? And how can they hear without someone preaching to them? (Romans 10:13-14 New International Version) This verse directly explains that people have to be told about the gospel, and proves that freedom of speech directly plays into freedom of religion. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "The First Amendment to the Constitution of the USA" essay for you Create order The press is without censorship in our country, and will remain to be that way for as long as this amendment is followed. Without freedom of speech, people do not write and publish about what they please. Assembly also requires freedom of speech as well. There are assemblies held for protesting purposes and to support things, alike. Without freedom of speech, there would likely be nothing to protest because citizens would not be allowed to express opposing views of the government. The freedom to petition the government, like the other freedoms mentioned in the first amendment, would be impossible without freedom of speech, as well. People would have no reason to petition the government unless something was happening that they disagreed with. Without freedom of speech, what would be disallowed? It would be the ability to speak against the government or to show any disagreement. Speech is so necessary to people because without it, actions of others can be easily seen as meaningless, or they might be taken out of context. When people do the things they do, speech is the medium that explains the reasons and the motives for the actions that they have preformed. People may have the same actions and expressions as others, but speech is what differentiates the reasonings or causes that those actions are supported by. Speech is something that can easily define actions. What is speech? The speech, as referred to in the constitution, is not just the words that are spoken by people. There are many sources that may reference freedom of speech as the freedom of expression because the word speech is meant to act as an umbrella that covers all forms of ideas that are expressed. Whether people express their ideas through art, news articles, symbolic speech, clothing, speeches, or any actions preformed, it is protected as long the expression does not violate any of the few guidelines for it. One case that shows the protected expression is the Tinker v. Des Moines School District in 1969 (Monroe, 2018). This is a case where several students wore black arm bands to express their disdain for the events of the Vietnam War. The students were doing nothing that was a real cause for concern, yet they still were receiving consequences, like being expelled, for their actions. Actions that should have been protected. They were not being distracting in school, breaking any type of dress code, or arousing tension and strife amongst students. Because there were no other symbols that were prohibited, the students wearing the arm bands were considered have been discriminated against. The Supreme Court ruled in favor of the students for all of the reasons expressed, and stated that they were protected under their first amendment right to freedom of speech. Because speech covers so many things, there are several cases that are used to set the precedents for current and future cases, including this one. With different advancements in technology, there will surely be more cases to debate what is covered under freedom of speech or expression. In the future, expression may cover things that no one could possibly fathom to be an expression. What is symbolic speech? When someone chooses to express their opinion through actions rather than words it is considered symbolic speech. In the Tinker v. Des Moines School District case, the students decision to wear the arm bands in protest of war, was a form of symbolic speech that was protected (Monroe, 2018). Another example of this would be the Texas v. Johnson case, which had to do with the burning of the American flag that had previously been considered illegal in forty-eight of the states (Monroe, 2018). In 1984 the Republican National Convention was held in Dallas, Texas, where Gregory Lee Johnson burned the American flag, which was considered prohibited, in protest of the Regan administration. The Supreme Court agreed to hear Johnsons case after he had been tried and convicted by a Texas court. It was ruled that the burning of the flag was considered symbolic speech and that the viewpoint or reasoning for his actions could not be taken into account when trying him. If Johnson had been found guilty of a crime for burning the flag in protest, then others would also have to be found guilty when they burned and buried old, ragged flags out of respect. How does expression effect an individual? Clothing is considered part of freedom of speech, or expression, because the clothes we wear can often times express our opinions. When clothing is worn that represents a band, certain group of people, political party, or religious group, it shows that we support their ideas or practices, whether or not we actually do. Wearing a shirt with a bible verse on it can outwardly show that one might be a Christian or that the verse applies to them in some way. The person could have no church ties or affiliation with anything that has to do with the Bible, other than that shirt, but because that shirt is worn, it still would appear that that person supports the Bible or Christians. In the same way, a person could wear a shirt that has gang references or related symbols and the association would be made that that person is supporting that particular gang. The person may have never been a part of a gang or done anything ?gang related in their lifetime, but because they wear something gang related, they will be associated with it. This is why there are cases like Castorina v. Madison County School Board (Monroe, 2018). In 2001 there were two students, Tom Castorina and his girlfriend, who were suspended after wearing confederate flag shirts to school. When the students refused to change shirts or wear them inside out, they were suspended. The wearing of the shirts seemed to cause no harm and did not create a distraction in school. The court sided with the students and decided that the wearing of the confederate flag was protected under the first amendment. The rulings on the Tinker v. Des Moines School District and Texas v. Johnson cases were also taken into account and used as determining factors in this case. Though there was no crime committed, and the students were considered protected, the fact that they expressed their freedom of speech still put a target on them just because someone else did not like what they expressed. In todays society this is seen a lot. People do not take into consideration that others are just as free to say what they please as they are. When a person doesnt like what someone else has to say, it does not take away the freedom that they have to say it. Is there truly complete freedom? There are a few, so called exceptions, to freedom of speech. Speech or expression is no longer protected if it promotes violence or contains true threats, suggests illegal acts, contains obscene material, such as child pornography, or is plagiarizing copyrighted material. Another limit is placed by The Espionage Act of 1917, which is a law that prohibits anything that could compromise recruitment into the armed forces or endanger any military operations (Monroe, 2018). This is another aid in setting boundaries for freedom of speech. In our country, we are free to say whatever we wish, but just because we can say it does not mean that it will come without consequence. For example, yelling Fire! in a crowded movie theatre should be protected by the first amendment of the Constitution, correct? Wrong. Because this action has the possibility to result in unnecessary injuries to innocent bystanders, it does not align with the guidelines for freedom of speech that is protected, causing freedom of speech to be limited. Contrary to what people may think, freedom of speech is not something that is guaranteed in all places that one may be in, even if it does follow the appropriate guidelines. I have known people to lose their jobs for this very reason. My first job was at a summer camp, and during orientation weekend all of the staff signed a contract agreeing to uphold the camps good reputation and not to participate in several things such as; illegal activity, consuming alcohol, cursing, sexual acts outside of marriage, smoking, etc., while being employed by the camp during the summer. After the first weekend we had off of work, there were four summer staff members fired. Three had been out drinking, even though they were underaged, and the fourth had posted pictures on social media of him drinking while wearing a staff shirt that displayed the camps name. Once the camp management staff was made known of the rules that had been broken, all four staff members were exterminated. Two of them were fortunate enough to be given a second chance to come back and work. Recognizing their wrong doing, both of them accepted the offer to come back and work at camp. Now, both are outstanding staff members. Companies are not required to hire anyone back and most will probably not be as willing to give their former employees another opportunity after they have abused the original one that they had. While this could possibly make it seem like freedom of speech is limited, if it is thought about completely, one will realize how free speech actually is. Freedom of speech is only infringed upon when it brings harm to another person, or when it is already agreed upon, like in the contract situation mentioned previously. Citizens only loose their freedom of speech when one of two things happen; the first is that they agree to give up that right, and the second is that it has potential to bring harm to another. Is there any other speech that should not be allowed? In America, there is the freedom to like things as well as dislike things, even to the point of hatred. The expression of that is something called ?hate speech. It is not defined by U.S. Law, but it is commonly considered to be speech expressing hatred of a particular group of people, whether it is due to that groups race, gender, religion, sexual orientation, or any other reason. There are those who think that hate speech should be considered a hate crime because it is said with the intent to harm, even though it would not be harm committed on the physical level. Others still argue that it is not a crime because it is protected by their freedom of speech, and that it does not actually bring harm. The courts have not determined that it is a crime; therefore, is it still currently protected. The freedom to express hate, even when it is the hate of people, is legal as long as it is not acted upon or meant to arouse violence against the group that is hated. Most people would probably agree that ?hate speech is not something to just go about expressing just because a person can. While this is something that is legal, it is not something that is to be considered widely acceptable. In schools and most places of employment hate speech is not allowed. In the work place, it can be seen as discrimination and, more times than not, will result in the termination of an employee. Though it may seem that the freedom of speech should even be protected at a job, it is not always so. Just as the government cannot infringe on a persons right to speak freely, they cannot determine who can and cannot be fired. Most companies have some form of contract or code of conduct that is agreed upon or signed when an employee is hired, and the rules and regulations in it that can also extend to ones personal life. Just like actions mentioned previously, hate speech, or any other speech, can be grounds for termination if it does not align with the companies policies. Why is freedom of speech significant? In many other countries around the world, speaking ones mind freely is not a right. It is not something protected and guaranteed elsewhere like it is in America. There are people across the globe who fear for their lives when doing any of the things that are mentioned in the first amendment if they do not align with the views and standards set by those who are in power. People do not have the freedom to speak in disagreement with their government, write anything that could lead to the doubting of those in power, or spark the idea of revolution and change for their particular country. In America we have the freedom to say, I dont like the way this is happening and here is a potentially better way to go about doing this, without being punished for it or having to fear for our lives. There is an ability to act on beliefs and make things different in our lives. Americans have an amazing freedom that may go unnoticed and can be often times taken for granted. As someone who has visited both a communist country and a former communist country, I recognize the freedom that I have taken for granted, and I know that people seldom discuss politics or the state of their government and nation all due to their fear of being punished if their ideas are in opposition of those ruling them. It may not be stated in the law, but there can still be consequences for it in many cases. The voice of the people is not truly heard. Though the citizens may be able to vote, it does not necessarily mean that their opinions are really taken into consideration or contribute to the decisions that are made by the government. The freedom Americans have to speak freely, among other freedoms, is something coveted by the citizens of many other countries. Does popular opinion have any affect on freedom of speech? When cases enter a court room that are concerned with freedom of speech, there is a principle that the Supreme Court follows called content neutrality. This loosely means that just because the majority of the population may not agree with the way a person expressed themself, through symbolic speech or actual speech, it does not mean that the court can say it is not protected under freedom of speech or expression. In many incidents today with the confederate flag, there are lots of people who feel very strongly that it should be prohibited, like in Castorina v. Madison County School Board (Monroe, 2018). If there were to be a majority of people who think it should no longer be allowed, if it is not violating any guidelines or precedents that have been set, then it the freedom of people to wear or display it cannot be taken away. So What? Why does all of this matter? Well, it matters because it is something we use everyday. Every time that you say something, you are using your right go freedom of speech. While people may not always realize when they say something that could have been disallowed if this amendment was not in place, things such as those are said more times than can be counted. Without the first amendment, Americans lack true freedom. People talk all of the time, and a hot topic to talk about are things concerning the government or things that could be considered controversial. The thing that makes them controversial topics is the fact that there are so many different opinions formed on them. If there were not more than just the governments opinion, or the opinion of the majority of the population allowed, then America would not be able to rightfully consider itself the home of the free. As a nation, there would not be more than one political party, any religious diversity, and the voices of the citizens would not be heard, if our rights to express any thoughts were prohibited. In the first amendment there are things included other than freedom of speech; freedom of religion, press, assembly, and petition. How would these things come about if there was not freedom of speech, though? Without the freedom of speech mentioned in the first amendment, the things preceding and following it are meaningless in our society today. Religion cannot truly be free without the freedom to express and practice it. The ability of the press to report without being censored does not have any true value unless what is able to be reported on is also unregulated. The freedom to peacefully assemble is only worthwhile if assemblies can be held for any cause, and the right to be heard through the freedom of petitioning is only a real freedom when citizens can speak openly of their opinions, no matter what they may be. Speech and expression are things that outwardly show what people think about, care about, support, and have opinions on. Whether what people express is in agreement with what others believe or not, it is still their right to express it and be protected. Works Cited Hate Speech. Merriam-Webster, Merriam-Webster, 2018, www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/hate%20speech Monroe, James. Civil Rights and Liberties. 2018. The Holy Bible, New International Version. Grand Rapids: Zondervan, 2007. Print. U.S. Constitution. Art. I/Amend. I.

Themes of Love In William Shakespeare’s Much Ado About...

In William Shakespeare’s Much Ado About Nothing love and how love works is a major theme in the play. When it comes to true love in the book i believe it is incidental or secondary to the main story in the book. My reasoning behind this idea is because none of the characters are searching for love, it is not their main priority but rather happens in result of another, bigger situation or conflict and that how true love or falling in love works in real life it just happens. In this story, it is clear that for true love to â€Å"just happen† the couple needs to have achieved a sense of understanding, trust and commitment. If two people were to fall in love they need to have some sort of connection and shared moments together. Lets call this a†¦show more content†¦It is first demonstrated when Claudio is easily convinced by Don Jon that Don Pedro has made Hero fall for him instead of Claudio, and with out investigating any further Claudio believes his friend has b etrayed him. His lack of faith is revealed again through Don Jon’s scheming when he notifies Claudio that Hero is having an affair with Borachio. Again, without questioning it he sees the fake sex scene in the window and at that point Hero’s sweet innocence is gone in Claudio’s eyes and because they have no emotional connection he has no reason to put faith in her. The shallowness of their relationship is also why the audience is drawn to Benedick and Beatrice’s storyline more than Claudio and Hero’s. To add to that Shakespeare has these two extremely different versions of love to mock the traditional conventions of courtly love. The wedding scene is where both relationships are heightened in the directions they were going Claudio and Hero’s is going down hill at this point when he falsely accuses Hero of cheating and Benedick confesses his love to Beatrice. In Much Ado About Nothing, Shakespeare expresses when a relationship has trust commi tment is included as demonstrated between Benedick relationship with Beatrice. In result of having no trust according to the book Claudio and Hero’s romance is fragile. My Personal opinion is that at first glance the book seems like just another romanticShow MoreRelatedThe Themes of Appearance versus True Love in William Shakespeares Much Ado About Nothing541 Words   |  3 PagesThe Themes of Appearance versus True Love in William Shakespeares Much Ado About Nothing True love is a bond shared by few and dreamed of by everyone. The appearance of a relationship may not accurately depict the true reality of the situation. The bond between Claudio and Hero appears far stronger than that of Beatrice and Benedict, yet events of the play provide evidence for the converse. 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This play demonstrates two different kinds of deceit: the kind whose only purpose is to cause trouble, and the kind that is used to form a good outcome. In the relationship of Hero and Claudio, deceptionRead More Much Ado About Nothing Essay898 Words   |  4 Pages William Shakespeares Much Ado About Nothing is a play involving by deception, disloyalty, trickery, eavesdropping, and hearsay. The play contains numerous examples of schemes that are used to manipulate the thoughts of other characters; it is the major theme that resonates throughout the play. Ironically, it is one of these themes that bring serenity to the chaos that encompasses most of the play. amp;#9;The first example of deception we see is with the characters of Beatrice and Benedick.

Challenges and Opportunities of Big Data-Free-Samples for Students

Question: Analyzes the Challenges and Opportunities of big data. Answer: Introduction: Big data is referred as large capacity of information, and it includes both structured data and un-structured data that assist the business on daily basis. It must be noted that, amount of data is not important but what organization do with the data is actually matters[1]. Introduction of big data is considered as new revolution in the technology, but this technology impose various new challenges for both users and service providers. This paper analyzes the challenges and opportunities of big data. Lastly, paper is concluded with brief conclusion which state key points of the complete essay. About Big data: Big data is completely new term, and it includes the collection and storage of big quantity of information for evaluation. This technology is originates in starting years of 2000s when new definition of big data is provided by the industry analyst Doug Laney. Organizations collect the data from different sources which include transaction conducted by the business, information available on social media, and information available on machine-to-machine data. In the past, data storage is considered as big issue but now this problem is resolved by new technologies such as Hadoop[2]. Big data importance does not rotate around the fact that how much information organization has, but it mainly deals with the matter how organization deals with the data. Organization can collect the data from different sources and examine the data related to cost reductions, time reductions, etc.[3]. Organization is able to achieve following business related targets while combining the big data with high-powered analytics: Organization can determine the root causes of failures, issues, and defects in near real time. In other words, it becomes easy for organization to identify the threats on time and make changes accordingly, as it reduces the risk of uncertainty for organizations. Organizations can produce vouchers at the time of sale. Organizations can recalculate the entire risk portfolios in few minutes. It becomes easy for organizations to make calculations in context of risk portfolios in few minutes, before this technology organization spends days to make such calculations and it also affects the productivity of the organization. Detecting fraudulent behavior in the organization before it causes any harm[4]. It is important for organization to understands that primary value related to big data does not lies in the raw form of data, but primary value lies after the analysis and processing of the data, and also from the products and services that results from the analysis. Changes occurred in the big data technologies and management approach needs to be attended with the similar dramatic shifts in context of how data supports the decisions and products/services innovation[5]. Challenges and opportunities related to big data: It is easy to understand the opportunities related to the big data. However, this approach also reflects various challenges and because of these challenges, big data and technologies related to big data are not used by various organizations. As per one survey, 55% of big projects are completed by the organizations and second survey repeats these findings. This paper provides both challenges and opportunities related to big data[6]. Challenges related to big data: Following are some challenges related to big data: Hadoop cause hardship- Hadoop and other surrounded ecosystems of tools are used because of their ability to deal with the high volumes. It is not easy to use or manage the software. However, technology related to big data is completely new because of which it is not possible for data professionals to manage this technology in effective manner. It must be noted that Hadoop actually requires extensive internal resources for the purpose of maintenance, and there are number of organizations which contributes maximum resources for technology instead of solving the actual big data problem. As per one survey, almost 73% of the respondents stated that understanding this technique was the biggest challenge reflected by the projects of big data[7]. Scalability- while using the big data it is difficult to scale up and down on demand. There are number of organizations which are failed to consider how fastened big data project can show growth. Holding a project on constant basis for the purpose of adding additional resources cut down the time for data analysis. Workloads related to big data also tend to be bursty, and it makes the decision of resource allocation more difficult. Challenges related to big data changes as per the solution[8]. Lack of talent- organization feels that there is shortage of talent in the context of big data, which means not only the shortage of data scientists and analysts, who also possess proper knowledge and understanding for identifying the valuable insights. Generally, vendors of big data resolve this issue by providing their own educational resources. Actionable Insights- more data does not always results in actionable insights, and a key challenge for data handling teams is to identify a clear objective of business and also the proper sources of data to collect and evaluate for meeting the identified objectives. Once data team identified the key patterns for the same, then business must make preparations to act and ensure necessary changes for the purpose of gaining business value. Data Quality- quality of the data is not the new issue, but the actual issue is storage of original information. Dirty data charges huge to the organizations. There are number of common causes of dirty data which are addressed by the organizations. Additionally, big data techniques also help the organization in cleaning the data[9]. For the purpose of using big data analytics in most effective manner, it is necessary to have data that is accurate and complete. Data which is not reliable generally leads to wrong conclusion. Issue arises when errors related to users continuously hit the data sets. Security- another challenge for big data is the security of the vast data, and some of these specific challenges are stated below: There must be authentication of user for every team and member of the team who is able to access the data. Restricting the access of data on the basis of need of user. Must record the history of data access and also fulfill the other regulations. Use of proper encryption related to data. Opportunities related to big data: Big data is not a regular approach, but it is the most important approach for the organizations. As stated by Forbes, big data is turn into a movement, and now big data is more contributing in the decisions of the organization than before. Organizations need talented and skilled people for the large amount of data they hold. Some opportunities related to big data are stated below: Projections for big data: as stated by the IDC, market related to the big data will be value $46.34 billion by 2018. Technology related to big data and associated services market is assumed to grow at a compound annual growth rate (CAGR) of 23.1% from 2014 to 2019. It is estimated that annual spending of this market will reach $48.6 billion till the year of 2019. Hadoop is already considered as synonym of big data, and it is estimated that market related to Hadoop will grow at 58.2% CAGR between 2013 and 2020[10]. Estimations made by IDC are completely positive. It is also stated by Alex Rossino, a senior principal research analyst at Deltek that investments in cloud computing and big data technologies are increasing. Detleck forecasts that spending is increase by the federal agencies on services of cloud computing from $2.4 billion during fiscal 2015 to $6.2 billion by fiscal 2020. IDC also stated that the availability of talent for the purpose of analyzing the big data will actually determine the future market. Demand of big data in the organization increases the opportunities for people to develop their skills in this field and serve to the organization. Implementation of big data: as per one survey, clear evidence is present which reflect that this technique is moving out from its stage of experiment. There are number of organizations which are uses the big data for the purpose of production and almost 60% of them believes that big data is necessary for their business. It must be noted that, almost 25% of respondents are implementing the solutions proposed by big data in their organization. Jobs related to Big Data- as stated by Forbes, top five industries across the globe hiring people who possess big data skills. Below stated graph reflect the job openings in different industries Forbes further stated that the organizations demand related to sales representative that actually have skills to sell this technique. Big data professionals such as Information Security Analysts, Management Analysts, and Information Security Analyst are also in demand by the organizations. This table states the growth in demand in context of these job positions: Job Titles Growth in context of job demand Developers of software 94.86% Engineers of systems 93.19% System analysts 142.64% Information security analysts 279.69% Management analysts 162.92% Demand for big data skills- demand related to professionals is increasing because of the increase in investment. Organizations realize the value of data analytics and because of which they are looking for professionals who can deal with this data. Various job portals provide the clear indication of demand of big data jobs. Although this big data is a broad term and in job listing this term is not generally used by organizations[11]. Frequent changes occurred in technology, and big data is recently replaced with new technique that is real time. This does not mean that demand related to big data skills is now low. It just means that keywords have been replaced[12]. It is clear from the above facts that big data reflects various opportunities such as opportunity related to investment, jobs, etc. Conclusion: After considering the above facts, it can be said that big data is considered as large volume of data, and it includes both structured data and un-structured data that assist the business on a day-to-day basis. Big data reflects both opportunities and challenges for the organizations. Big data is the technology which mainly provides support to the organization in managing the large amount of data and this management includes data evaluation, data storage, data processing, etc. it also prevents data duplicity. References: SAS, Big Data, https://www.sas.com/en_us/insights/big-data/what-is-big-data.html, accessed on 27th February 2018 CRA, Challenges and Opportunities with Big Data, https://cra.org/ccc/wp-content/uploads/sites/2/2015/05/bigdatawhitepaper.pdf, accessed on 27th February 2018. James Manyika, Michael Chui, Brad Brown, Jacques Bughin, Richard Dobbs, Charles Roxburgh, and Angela Hung Byers. Big data: The next frontier for innovation, competition, and productivity. McKinsey Global Institute. May 2011. Computational Social Science. David Lazer, Alex Pentland, Lada Adamic, Sinan Aral, Albert-Lszl Barabsi, Devon Brewer,Nicholas Christakis, Noshir Contractor, James Fowler, Myron Gutmann, Tony Jebara, Gary King, Michael Macy, Deb Roy, and Marshall Van Alstyne. Science 6 February 2009: 323 (5915), 721-723. Materials Genome Initiative for Global Competitiveness. National Science and Technology Council. June 2011. Qubole, Big Data Challenges and Opportunity, https://www.qubole.com/resources/big-data-challenges/, accessed on 27th February 2018. Qubole, HADOOP IS HARD, https://www.qubole.com/blog/hadoop-is-hard/, accessed on 27th February 2018. Jonathon Buckley, (2015), Infographic: 5 Crucial Considerations for Big Data Adoption, https://www.qubole.com/blog/big-data-adoption/, accessed on 27th February 2018. Jonathan Buckley, (2015), Causes of Dirty Data, https://www.qubole.com/blog/causes-of-dirty-data-and-how-to-combat-them/, accessed on 27th February 2018. Acadgild, (2017), Big Data Job Opportunities In 2017 And The Coming Years, https://acadgild.com/blog/big-data-job-opportunities-in-2017-and-the-coming-years/, accessed on 27th February 2018. NAP, Opportunities and Challenges for Big Data and Analytics, https://www.nap.edu/read/23654/chapter/4, accessed on 27th February 2018. Bhadani, A., Jothimani, D. (2016), Big data: Challenges, opportunities and realities, In Singh, M.K., Kumar, D.G. (Eds.), Effective Big Data Management and Opportunities for Implementation (pp. 1-24), Pennsylvania, USA, IGI Global. SAS, Big Data, https://www.sas.com/en_us/insights/big-data/what-is-big-data.html, accessed on 27th February 2018. CRA, Challenges and Opportunities with Big Data, https://cra.org/ccc/wp-content/uploads/sites/2/2015/05/bigdatawhitepaper.pdf, accessed on 27th February 2018. James Manyika, Michael Chui, Brad Brown, Jacques Bughin, Richard Dobbs, Charles Roxburgh, and Angela Hung Byers. Big data: The next frontier for innovation, competition, and productivity. McKinsey Global Institute. May 2011. Computational Social Science. David Lazer, Alex Pentland, Lada Adamic, Sinan Aral, Albert-Lszl Barabsi, Devon Brewer,Nicholas Christakis, Noshir Contractor, James Fowler, Myron Gutmann, Tony Jebara, Gary King, Michael Macy, Deb Roy, and Marshall Van Alstyne. Science 6 February 2009: 323 (5915), 721-723. Materials Genome Initiative for Global Competitiveness. National Science and Technology Council. June 2011. Qubole, Big Data Challenges and Opportunity, https://www.qubole.com/resources/big-data-challenges/, accessed on 27th February 2018. Qubole, HADOOP IS HARD, https://www.qubole.com/blog/hadoop-is-hard/, accessed on 27th February 2018. Jonathon Buckley, (2015), Infographic: 5 Crucial Considerations for Big Data Adoption, https://www.qubole.com/blog/big-data-adoption/, accessed on 27th February 2018. Jonathan Buckley, (2015), Causes of Dirty Data, https://www.qubole.com/blog/causes-of-dirty-data-and-how-to-combat-them/, accessed on 27th February 2018. Acadgild, (2017), Big Data Job Opportunities In 2017 And The Coming Years, https://acadgild.com/blog/big-data-job-opportunities-in-2017-and-the-coming-years/, accessed on 27th February 2018. NAP, Opportunities and Challenges for Big Data and Analytics, https://www.nap.edu/read/23654/chapter/4, accessed on 27th February 2018. Bhadani, A., Jothimani, D. (2016), Big data: Challenges, opportunities and realities, In Singh, M.K., Kumar, D.G. (Eds.), Effective Big Data Management and Opportunities for Implementation (pp. 1-24), Pennsylvania, USA, IGI Global.

Six Sigma and Business Process Management †MyAssignmenthelp.com

Question: Discuss about the Six Sigma and Business Process Management. Answer: Project management is the approach for achieving the specific goal of an organization by process of project conceptualization to planning, execution, monitoring, control, and closure. It is not an ongoing process. It is a one-time project process which also involves resources management such as finance, technical, personnel, and logical belongings. (Kerzner, 2013). As per the given scenario of the Latino Engineering company after take over, facing multiple issues like defective engineering equipment, poor design, a time delay for problem resolution, wrong packaging, and customer dissatisfaction. The first observation shows that issues occur due to lack of project management process. As a project management consultant to resolve the issues multiple tools and technique will be applied which increase the company goodwill and customer satisfaction. For this purpose total quality management, Six Sigma-like effective tools will be used. To follow the project activities in specific manner c ritical path analysis and Gantt chart techniques will apply to the manager. This will help the project to meet the expectation of all the stakeholders and revive company reputation. (Rosemann and vom, 2015) According to given case study, The Latino Engineering Corporation founded by Dominic Latino has established the good market reputation along with satisfied customer support. After the company takes over, multiple issues generated like defecting engineering equipment, poor development and design of the product and non-responsiveness of the customers along with the ineffective packaging as well as delivery of the products and services, which affects the company growth. The issues were also generated in Dominic Latino management period but that time to resolve the issue, necessary action was taken and essential solution for business provided by the manager.(Eriksson and Eriksson,V2016)However, the current situation reflects that the root cause is related to management only because at the Dominic Latino time company was in well-performed condition and all the problems cured effectively in a scheduled manner. Therefore Total Quality Management (TQM) and Six Sigma techniques will be used f or identifying the root causes of the issues. (Latino and et al, 2016) Six Sigma analyses The six sigma method helps to identify consumer needs in a better way as well eliminates the defects and waste occur in a company. So it is a highly used strategy for the leading businesses. The major objectives of this technique are to improve the Latino Engineering Corporation's products, service, and procedure in various fields like production, finance, administration, and marketing. The six sigma techniques consists two methods DMADV and DMAIC which will help in resolving the issues related to the given scenario. The DMAIC method focuses on the current process of the company as well DMADV focus is a new product and process design to improve the performance. (Evans and Lindsay, 2014). According to the case study, issues are related to product quality and development process which leads customer dissatisfaction. By the Six Sigma DMADV method, the new product and services can be introduced which attracts the customer more and helps in building a new image of the company in the marke t. On the other side by the DMAIC method, company's ongoing process can be improved by applying different quality improvement strategy which is required for Latino Engineering Corporation. The above illustration shows that DMAIC method is more suitable for the current situation of the company (Anbari, 2017). The DMAIC methodology consists of five phases for improving the process as Define, Measure, Analyze, Improve, and Control. Define: The first step of methodology defines the customer quality issues and core business values involved. According to that Latino Engineerings customers are facing defective product with poor customer support service with long time delay. It also defines that client of the company requires improvement in the quality of service, products, packaging, and delivery with quick response. In this context, the company ensures to meet the expectation of customer in scheduled time. (Conger, 2015) Measure: The second step measures the performance of core business process by collecting data from consumer and stakeholders of Latino Engineering. The collected data helps in determining the defect and metrics. For example, to determine the shortfall, multiple surveys will be conducted regarding service, product quality and etc. The comparison of collected data measures that the situation occurs due to the huge gap in actual performance to expect by the customer in terms of quality of engineering equipment, delivery and response. It helps in determining the appropriate solution for the business in long run. (Pyzdek and Keller,2014) Analyze: In this step by the collected data and process plan determines the root cause of a defect that is lack of motivation and communication in employees of Latino Engineering. If the employees are highly motivated they will provide good quality products and service, which doesn't meet the current scenario of the company. It also analyzes the opportunities required for the performance improvement which followed by the next of methodology. Improvement: The employee morale can be boosted up by creating an innovative solution like performance appraisal, provide incentive, monetary rewards, and recognition of achievements in the workplace. The evaluation of performance depends on the contribution of employees in increasing customer satisfaction and service provided by them. Control: This step includes keeping the process going in an improved manner by regularly monitoring the internal business situation. The development and implementation of ongoing monitoring plan follow by staffing, training, and incentives. (Prashar, 2014) Total Quality Management: Total Quality Management (TQM) is the customer based approach whose emphasis on the need of the customer and establish the continuous and dynamic process for improvement of a product. According to given scenario, in the decision-making process of the Latino Engineering, all the employees are equally participated by providing their incredible suggestion. On the other hand product, is manufactures as per the consumer requirement with the regular monitoring of packaging department as per set standard guidelines. By the staffing and training for solving the issues, continuous improvement program will process for the company. (Evans and Lindsay, 2014) To propose the improvement plan and reduce the root cause of defect needs complete assessment of Latino Engineering Corporations recent situation. By the above application of Total Quality management and six sigma techniques analysis results that root cause is lack of employee motivation, inefficiency in management of production department and packaging supervision. As the whole influence the product quality and service provided by the Latino Engineering which results in customer dissatisfaction. To eliminate the root cause of the defect related to the company performance needs a suitable plan of continuous improvement. The implementation of the improvement plan consists of multiple stages of training and development, monitoring, and control, resources retention etc. (Goetsch and Davis, 2014)To increase the quality of production and packaging department, an employee needs the training session with regular monitoring. As the below illustration estimated time for both the process is 10 days. The activities time spam is an end of November to starting a week of December 2017. The major goal of the plan is to enhancing the product packaging and service quality, raising the bar of customer satisfaction, zero-defect products and motivated team of employees. To achieving these objective, different strategy of training and workshops, communication, setting separate quality department within the organization to deal with client issues as well check on packaging and delivery of production. To raise the employee morale and loyalty towards the organization, multiple strategies like performance appraisal, monetary rewards, recognition and etc also part of the improvement plan. To process the monitoring of each stage of business in scheduled order requires proper communication between all the levels of departments. For instance, all the activities of every department will be reported to the head of the department and management. By the weekly meetings and workshops, a company can assess the performance of quality of work done in scheduled deadline. By the reporting of each activity helps in monitoring in allotted time spam and also overcome the obstacle appears in process activities. The regular customer requirements and feedback surveys will also play the major role in an improvement plan. The structured monitoring process will help the project manager to set the deadline for task and employees as per their efficiency. This will leads to identify and overcoming the barriers occurs at the monitoring process time. So the Latino Engineering will also follow the exact practice plan to ensure the lifetime sustainability of the business. This will enable zero defect manufacturers and improve employee work integrity by the customer satisfaction feedback. (Mitra, A, 2016) Resources requirements: Resources plays the most important role in improvement and success of the project. At the time of root cause analysis and improvement plan resources requirements will also assessed whereby corporation can effectively create its competitive edge in the marketplace through retention of personnel for longer time span. To process project effectively majorly required resources are financial, human and physical. To managing the training and development, monitoring process by surveys and other promotional activities requires for building up the market image of Latino Engineering will need the financial support by the resources like investors. To pursue all the activity in an effective manner needs the physical resources like equipment machinery, training and workshops halls, computers, laptop, office rooms and other regulatory resources will provide by the company. To accomplish the project in an effective manner human resources like project manager, executive teams, employees etc are essential. Therefore to process the business in the right manner for achieving the specific goals and meet up the project expectation, it is important to employ these resources efficiently. (Buckley and et al, 2017) As the above discussion and given details determines that Latino Engineering corporation also going through the development plan. To develop and implementation of the continuous improvement plan for the Latino Engineering requires 56 days as illustrated in an appendix by the activity table and Gantt chart. The project manager can easily schedule the task and resources in specific time spam by the help of Gantt chart. By the Gantt chart activity scheduling process defines that project improvement plan will initiate in October 2017 and ends in December 2017. The activity table scheduling provides structured information about assessment of business condition, issues generated and the proper cure-related issues. The initial three activities are done by the data collection process which defines the root cause of defects and provides the objectives of the project and solves the managerial issues. The standard objective of the organization is customer satisfaction with zero manufacturing de fects. (Pinder, 2014).To setting the goal of the project requires the 4 days with the optimum solution. Furthermore 25 days will consumed for design the project framework included application of suitable strategy and implementation of the strategy for optimum solution of issues. For instance various strategies like training, communication process were conducted in the production department of Latino Engineering. To completing the project, project manager faces multiple issues which is resolve by the implementation of different strategies. For example to motivate the employees, project manager remunerated them by performance appraisal with monetary and non monetary reward. This will helps the organization to facing all obstacles in positively and specific manner to resolve them. After the training the communication techniques take place which is considered as the most powerful and essential for project success. For this purpose, reporting, meeting on daily weekly and monthly basis co nducted to ensure the project performance and let all the stakeholders to know the potential issues. (Martinelli and Milosevic,2016) To reduce the time span and cost of the project the critical path analysis technique has been applied. The critical path analysis diagram shown in appendix define that essential activities required are 1+2+3+4+5+7+8+10+11+12+13+14+15= 46 days. This reflects that duration of the project reduced by 10 days. So the critical path analysis may requires the additional resources but it reducing time spam of the project process and helps in to finish the project before deadline. This will be very beneficiary for the Latino Engineering to create its competitive edge in the marketplace. (Larson, and Gray, 2013) Conclusion The report stated that after takeover, The Latino Engineering Corporation was facing the multiple issues related customer dissatisfaction from product and service response, manufacturing and packaging of products and time delay. To resolve them project improvement plan established which conquers the different strategy and techniques such as total quality management and six sigma tools. The tools provided the root cause of the defect as the lack of managerial skill and low employee morale. So it was essential for the Latino Engineering to conduct the audit skills of employees and assess the training need among employees. The continuous improvement plan formation Engineering generates the huge cost to supervise the every aspect of defect causing. For this purpose to reducing the time and cost of the project critical path analysis and Gantt chart technique applied. They both were the most suitable software to minimize the completion time spam of project. Along with it supports the manag ement in completing the business activities in the right manner and deliver good quality of services to client. (Burke, 2013) References Anbari, T. F., 2017. six sigma method. Available through: https://www.pmi.org/learning/library/six-sigma-method-applications-pm-8515. [Accessed on 5th October 2017]. Buckley, M.R., Wheeler, A.R. and Halbesleben, J.R. eds., 2017.Research in personnel and human resources management(Vol. 35). Emerald Group Publishing. Burke, R., 2013. Project management: planning and control techniques.New Jersey, USA. Conger, S., 2015. Six Sigma and business process management. In Handbook on Business Process Management 1(pp. 127-146). Springer Berlin Heidelberg. Dale, B., 2015.Total quality management. John Wiley Sons, Ltd. Eriksson, H. and Eriksson, H., 2016. An outcome of quality management practices: Differences among public and private, manufacturing and service, SME and large organisations. International Journal of Quality Reliability Management,33(9), pp.1394-1405 Evans, J.R. and Lindsay, W.M., 2014.An introduction to Six Sigma and process improvement. Cengage Learning. Goetsch, D.L. and Davis, S.B., 2014.Quality management for organizational excellence. Upper Saddle River, NJ: pearson. Kerzner, H., 2013.Project management: a systems approach to planning, scheduling, and controlling. John Wiley Sons. Larson, E.W. and Gray, C., 2013.Project Management: The Managerial Process with MS Project. McGraw-Hill. Latino, R.J., Latino, K.C. and Latino, M.A., 2016.Root cause analysis: improving performance for bottom-line results. CRC press. Martinelli, R.J. and Milosevic, D.Z., 2016.Project management toolbox: tools and techniques for the practicing project manager. John Wiley Sons.. Mitra, A., 2016.Fundamentals of quality control and improvement. John Wiley Sons. Pinder, C.C., 2014.Work motivation in organizational behavior. Psychology Press. Prashar, A., 2014. Adoption of Six Sigma DMAIC to reduce cost of poor quality.International Journal of Productivity and Performance Management,63(1), pp.103-126. Pyzdek, T. and Keller, P.A., 2014.The six sigma handbook(p. 25). New York: McGraw-Hill Education. Rosemann, M. and vomBrocke, J., 2015. The six core elements of business process management. InHandbook on business process management 1(pp. 105-122). Springer Berlin Heidelberg.

Everything You Ever Wanted To Know About Electronic Data Interchange E

Everything You Ever Wanted To Know About Electronic Data Interchange Every Thing You Ever Wanted to Know About EDI By Brian Harris December 1, 1998 ISDS 4800 Sec. 001 Introduction First of all what is EDI? Well EDI, or Electronic Data Interchange, is the transfer of business documents such as sales invoices, purchase orders, price quotations, etc. using a pre-established format in a paperless electronic environment. Usually this transfer occurs over VANs, Value Added Networks, but it is becoming increasingly popular over the Internet because of cost savings and ease of use. EDI has been around for approximately 30 years. The true genesis of EDI occurred in the mid-1960s, as an early attempt at implementing the fictional paperless office by companies in transportation, grocery and retail industry segments. Although EDI never eliminated paper documents, it decreased the number of times such documents were handled by people. Reduced handling resulted in fewer errors and faster transfers (Millman, 83). EDI technology is rapidly changing the way business is conducted throughout the world. Firms that use EDI are more efficient and responsive to the needs of customers and partners and in many cases have jumped out ahead of the competition. Many businesses are already using EDI with suppliers and customers, and if your firm wants to do business with companies involved in Government Dealings EDI must be part of your business no later than January 1, 1999. In May of this year, the major industrial groups in charge of standards setting for EDI, have united behind a set of standards that will allow for seamless web-based forms using extensible markup language, similar to HTML, thereby increasing the accessibility of EDI for small businesses on the Internet (Campbell, 28). An example of an application for EDI is filing tax returns with the Internal Revenue Service. The IRS offers several options for filing your tax return, one of which is filing electronically and receiving your refund by electronic funds transfer or direct deposit. The forms used are available in tax preparation software, which can be downloaded off the Internet or purchased by retail. The forms are filled out directly on a PC then transmitted to another computer, which acts as a midpoint to the IRS. The IRS receives your forms and can issue a refund without ever having to reprocess the data. By using this method you save yourself and the IRS time and money (Campbell, 28). How EDI Works Table came from Information Technology for Management by Turban, McLean and Wetherbe page 244. Information, such as purchase orders for medical supplies, flows from the hospital's information system into an EDI station, which consist of a PC, an EDI translator and a modem. From there, the information moves to a VAN (Value Added Network). The Van transfers the formatted information to the vendor, where the vendor side EDI translator converts it to a desired format (Turban, 244). An EDI translator does the conversion of data into standard format. An example of such formatting is shown below. Table came from Information Technology for Management by Turban, McLean and Wetherbe page 243. An average hospital generates about 15,000 purchase orders each year at a processing cost of about $70 per order. The health Industry Business Communication Council estimates that EDI can reduce this cost to $4 per order, potential yearly savings of $840,000 per hospital. The required investment ranges between $8,000 and $15,000. This includes the purchase of a PC with an EDI translator, a modem, and a link to the mainframe-based information system. The hospital can have two or three ordering points. These are connected to a value-added network (VAN), which connects the hospitals to its suppliers. (See figure on previous page) The system can also connect to other hospitals, or to centralized joint purchasing agencies. (Turban, 244). Benefits of EDI There are numerous benefits associated with the adoption of EDI. Probably the most important and largest benefit is efficiency. By utilizing EDI businesses are able to streamline their whole supply chain process. Whether it is upstream to suppliers or downstream to customers, EDI eliminates repetitive tasks such as entering data multiple times and cuts costs of printing hard copies and transportation costs. EDI also allows you to send and receive large amounts of data quickly to or from anywhere in the

American Revolution - Treaty of Alliance (1778)

American Revolution - Treaty of Alliance (1778) The Treaty of Alliance (1778) between the United State and France was signed February 6, 1778. Concluded between the government of King Louis XVI and the Second Continental Congress, the treaty proved critical to the United States winning its independence from Great Britain. Intended as a defensive alliance, it saw France provide both supplies and troops to the Americans while also mounting campaigns against other British colonies. The alliance continued after the American Revolution but effectively ended with the start of the French Revolution in 1789. Relations between the two nations deteriorated in the 1790s and led to the undeclared Quasi-War. This conflict was ended by the Treaty of Mortefontaine in 1800 which also formally terminated the 1778 Treaty of Alliance. Background As the American Revolution progressed, it became obvious to the Continental Congress that foreign aid and alliances would be necessary to achieve victory. In the wake of the Declaration of Independence in July 1776, a template was created for potential commercial treaties with France and Spain. Based on the ideals of free and reciprocal trade, this Model Treaty was approved by Congress on September 17, 1776. The following day, Congress appointed a group of commissioners, led by Benjamin Franklin, and dispatched them to France to negotiate an agreement. It was thought that France would prove a likely ally as it had been seeking revenge for its defeat in the Seven Years War thirteen years earlier. While not initially tasked with requesting direct military assistance, the commission received orders instructing it to seek most favored nation trading status as well as military aid and supplies. Additionally, they were to reassure Spanish officials in Paris that the colonies had no designs on Spanish lands in the Americas.   Treaty of Alliance (1778) Conflict: American Revolution (1775-1783)Nations Involved: United States and FranceSigned: February 6, 1778Ended: September 30, 1800 by the Treaty of MortefontaineEffects: The alliance with France proved critical to the United States winning its independence from Great Britain. FReception in France Pleased with the Declaration of Independence and the recent American victory at the Siege of Boston, the French Foreign Minister, Comte de Vergennes, was initially in support of a full alliance with the rebelling colonies. This quickly cooled following General George Washingtons defeat at Long Island, the loss of New York City, and subsequent losses at White Plains and Fort Washington that summer and fall. Arriving in Paris, Franklin was warmly received by the French aristocracy and became popular in influential social circles. Seen as a representative of republican simplicity and honesty, Franklin worked to bolster the American cause behind the scenes. Benjamin Franklin in Paris. Public Domain Aid to the Americans Franklins arrival was noted by the government of King Louis XVI, but despite the kings interest in assisting the Americans, the countrys financial and diplomatic situations precluded providing outright military aid. An effective diplomat, Franklin was able to work through back channels to open a stream of covert aid from France to America, as well as began recruiting officers, such as the Marquis de Lafayette and Baron Friedrich Wilhelm von Steuben. He also succeeded in obtaining critical loans to aid in financing the war effort. Despite French reservations, talks regarding an alliance progressed. The French Convinced Vacillating over an alliance with the Americans, Vergennes spent much of 1777 working to secure an alliance with Spain. In doing so, he eased Spains concerns over American intentions regarding Spanish lands in the Americas. Following the American victory at the Battle of Saratoga in the fall of 1777, and concerned about secret British peace overtures to the Americans, Vergennes and Louis XVI elected to forego waiting for Spanish support and offered Franklin an official military alliance. Surrender of Burgoyne at Saratoga by John Trumbull. Photograph Courtesy of the Architect of the Capitol The Treaty of Alliance (1778) Meeting at the Hotel de Crillon on February 6, 1778, Franklin, along with fellow commissioners Silas Deane and Arthur Lee signed the treaty for the United States while France was represented by Conrad Alexandre Gà ©rard de Rayneval. In addition, the men signed the Franco-American Treaty of Amity and Commerce which was largely based on the Model Treaty. The Treaty of Alliance (1778) was a defensive agreement stating that France would ally with the United States if the former went to war with Britain. In the case of war, the two nations would work together to defeat the common foe. The treaty also set forth land claims for after the conflict and essentially granted the United States all territory conquered in North America while France would retain those lands and islands captured in the Caribbean and Gulf of Mexico. In regard to ending the conflict, the treaty dictated that neither side would make peace without the consent of the other and that the United States independence would be recognized by Britain. An article was also included stipulating that additional nations may join the alliance in the hope that Spain would enter the war. Effects of the Treaty On March 13, 1778, the French government informed London that they had formally recognized the independence of the United States and had concluded the Treaties of Alliance and Amity and Commerce. Four days later, Britain declared war on France formally activating the alliance. Spain would enter the war in June 1779 after concluding the Treaty of Aranjuez with France. The entry of France into the war proved a key turning point in the conflict. French arms and supplies began to flow across the Atlantic to the Americans. In addition, the threat posed by the French military forced Britain to redeploy forces from North America to defend other parts of the empire including critical economic colonies in the West Indies. As a result, the scope of British action in North America was limited. Though initial Franco-American operations at Newport, RI and Savannah, GA proved unsuccessful, the arrival of a French army in 1780, led by Comte de Rochambeau, would prove key to the wars final campaign. Supported by Rear Admiral Comte de Grasses French fleet which defeated the British at the Battle of the Chesapeake, Washington and Rochambeau moved south from New York in September 1781. Surrender of Cornwallis at Yorktown by John Trumbull. Photograph Courtesy of the US Government Cornering the British army of Major General Lord Charles Cornwallis, they defeated him at the Battle of Yorktown in September-October 1781. Cornwallis surrender effectively ended the fighting in North America. During 1782, relations between the allies became strained as the British began pressing for peace. Though largely negotiating independently, the Americans concluded the Treaty of Paris in 1783 which ended the war between Britain and the United States. In accordance with the Treaty of Alliance, this peace agreement was first reviewed and approved by the French. Nullification of the Alliance With the end of the war, people in the United States began to question the duration of the treaty as no end date to the alliance was stipulated. While some, such as Secretary of the Treasury Alexander Hamilton, believed that the outbreak of the French Revolution in 1789 ended the agreement, others, such as Secretary of State Thomas Jefferson, believed that it remained in effect. With the execution of Louis XVI in 1793, most European leaders agreed that treaties with France were null and void. Despite this, Jefferson believed the treaty to be valid and was backed by President Washington. As the Wars of the French Revolution began to consume Europe, Washingtons Proclamation of Neutrality and the subsequent Neutrality Act of 1794 eliminated many of the treatys military provisions. Franco-American relations began a steady decline which was worsened by the 1794 Jay Treaty between the United States and Britain. This began several years of diplomatic incidents which culminated with the undeclared Quasi-War of 1798-1800. USS Constellation (1797) engages LInsurgente during the Quasi-War with France, February 9, 1799. U.S. Naval History Heritage Command Fought largely at sea, it saw numerous clashes between American and French warships and privateers. As part of the conflict, Congress rescinded all treaties with France on July 7, 1798. Two years later,  William Vans Murray, Oliver Ellsworth, and William Richardson Davie were dispatched to France to commence peace talks. These efforts resulted in the Treaty of Mortefontaine (Convention of 1800) on September 30, 1800 which ended the conflict. This agreement officially ended the alliance created by the 1778 treaty.

Paris Adult Theatre v. Slaton Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Paris Adult Theatre v. Slaton - Assignment Example To prove the seriousness of the matter, the complainant claimed that the films were contrary to section 26-2101 of the Georgia code, since their main themes were extremely immoral, and had negative impacts on the society and too openly addressed matters of sex (Cornell University Law School). The language of 26-2101 considered intentional distribution of obscene materials as a crime, and therefore provided criminal penalties to anyone found doing the same. However, these proceedings did not, in any way, base its arguments on that precedence. The state used a non-statutory civil proceeding to prove the materials as obscene and thereafter disapprove of their presentation to the public. The parties agreed that they would accept the court’s ruling, on the obscenity, as penultimate. However, the state did not say whether it would place a criminal action against the defendant if the obscenity of the films would be proven (Cornell University Law School). The hearing was set for January 13, 1971 by the trial court after receiving the complaints. As a result, the court ordered the defendants not to interfere with the films or even remove them from the jurisdiction. They were, however, not ordered to stop showing the films to the public. During the proceedings, the trial court watched the films and heard the testimonies from various witnesses. In addition, the court accepted photographs with outside look of the theatre. The witnesses confirmed that the theatre had the signs â€Å"Adults Only,† â€Å"You Must Be 21 and Able to Prove It,† and â€Å"If the Nude Body Offends You, Do Not Enter,† written on its exterior. The designs did not provide any further information on the contents of these films, and there were no pictures to entice the public to the films. No witness claimed to have seen any minor in the premise, even though there was no evidence that the